{"id":10537,"date":"2019-07-24T14:37:35","date_gmt":"2019-07-24T12:37:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/priatherm.com\/cool-materials-for-cooling-devices\/"},"modified":"2023-01-10T16:25:23","modified_gmt":"2023-01-10T15:25:23","slug":"cool-materials-for-cooling-devices","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/priatherm.com\/it\/cool-materials-for-cooling-devices\/","title":{"rendered":"&#8220;Cool\u201d Materials for Cooling Devices"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span lang=\"EN-US\">Modern electronic devices, due to the increase of power density, require more and more efficient thermal systems to maintain their operating temperatures at a satisfactory level. On one side, the market imposes to reduce <i>size\u00a0<\/i>and <i>costs<\/i>; on the other side, traditional materials are relatively heavy and don\u2019t perform as well. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-US\">We will explore some alternative solutions in thermal management, including new materials which are increasing competitiveness in the market, leading to interesting opportunities for innovation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-US\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-US\">First of all, it\u2019s crucial to understand the role played by the <b>material\u00a0<\/b>in the three ways to transfer heat:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-US\">1) <b>CONDUCTION\u00a0<\/b>occurring through a solid or a stationary fluid. Materials have a direct influence on this heat transfer system. The materials are characterized by their thermal conductivity coefficient (k), expressed in W\/mK, as per Fourier\u2019s law<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2241\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2241\" class=\"wp-image-2241 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/priatherm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/072019Picture-1-300x133.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"133\" srcset=\"https:\/\/priatherm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/072019Picture-1-300x133.png 300w, https:\/\/priatherm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/072019Picture-1-400x179.png 400w, https:\/\/priatherm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/072019Picture-1.png 404w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2241\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Conductivity values for standard material<\/p><\/div>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-US\">2) <b>CONVECTION\u00a0<\/b>from a surface to a moving fluid. A simplified approach can classify it according to the nature of the fluid (gas or liquid). The cooling effect of liquids is greater than that of gases.<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2242\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2242\" class=\"wp-image-2242 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/priatherm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/072019Picture-2-300x67.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"67\" srcset=\"https:\/\/priatherm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/072019Picture-2-300x67.png 300w, https:\/\/priatherm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/072019Picture-2.png 464w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2242\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Typical convection coefficients<\/p><\/div>\n<p>3) <strong>RADIATION\u00a0<\/strong>between surfaces. This depends primarily on surface properties such as <em>color<\/em>, <em>surface orientation<\/em>, and <em>temperature of the surface<\/em>. Materials can play a secondary but still important role:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>final protection (Surtec)<\/li>\n<li>cleaning (sandblasting, washing and degreasing)<\/li>\n<li>preparation of the external surfaces (anodizing &#8211; black or colored, hard anodizing, etc.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Common heat sinks are manufactured in metal, and particularly in <strong>aluminum alloys<\/strong>.\u00a0Aluminum alloy <strong>1050A<\/strong>, reaching 229 W\/mK, has a high thermal conductivity value but it is <strong>mechanically soft<\/strong>. Aluminum <strong>alloys 6060 and 6063<\/strong>, with thermal conductivity values of 166 and 201 W\/mK respectively, are commonly used.Both these alloys are suited for\u00a0<strong>CAB brazing <\/strong>andCNC machining. Aluminum alloys are also lightweight, corrosion-resistant and cost effective. <strong>Copper<\/strong>has approximately twice the conductivity of aluminum, but it is three times denser and four to six <strong>times more expensive<\/strong>, and it can\u2019t be extruded. Copper heat sinks are <strong>machined\u00a0<\/strong>and <strong>skived<\/strong>. Another method of manufacture is to <strong>solder\u00a0<\/strong>the fins onto the heat sink aluminum nickel-plated base.<\/p>\n<p>Alternatives to traditional heat sinks:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>Peltier Devices<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In 1834, a scientist called Peltier discovered that if you take a thermocouple and apply a voltage, this causes a temperature difference between the junctions (later known as a <strong>thermo-electric cooler &#8211; TEC)<\/strong>.\u00a0As Peltier elements are active heat pumps, they can be used to cool components below ambient temperature. Heat transfer effectiveness through Peltier devices is increasable by using a <strong>heat pipe-based heat sink<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2243\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2243\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2243\" src=\"https:\/\/priatherm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/072019Picture-3-300x164.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"164\" srcset=\"https:\/\/priatherm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/072019Picture-3-300x164.png 300w, https:\/\/priatherm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/072019Picture-3.png 472w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2243\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peltier element schematic. Thermoelectric legs are thermally in parallel and electrically in series.<\/p><\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_2244\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2244\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2244\" src=\"https:\/\/priatherm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/072019Picture-4-300x172.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"172\" srcset=\"https:\/\/priatherm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/072019Picture-4-300x172.png 300w, https:\/\/priatherm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/072019Picture-4-400x231.png 400w, https:\/\/priatherm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/072019Picture-4.png 404w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2244\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">General diagram of a Peltier effect cell<\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>Heat pipes<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Heat pipesusually have a <strong>metallic casing\u00a0<\/strong>structure of <strong>copper or aluminum\u00a0<\/strong>and present relatively high physical rigidity. Where the heat sink may be out of plane with the heat source (thus allowing heat removal from oscillating heat sources), a heat pipe was fabricated on a <strong>\ufb02exible liquid crystal polymer substrate\u00a0<\/strong>using micro-machining techniques compatible with printed circuit board technologies. This device transfers up to 12W of power with an effective <strong>thermal conductivity of up to 830 W\/mK.<\/strong><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2245\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2245\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2245\" src=\"https:\/\/priatherm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/072019Picture-5-300x215.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"215\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2245\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hybrid design with a conventional fan arrangement, copper base, three heat pipes and aluminum fins<\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2246\" style=\"width: 308px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2246\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2246\" src=\"https:\/\/priatherm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/072019Picture-6-298x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"298\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/priatherm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/072019Picture-6-298x300.png 298w, https:\/\/priatherm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/072019Picture-6-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/priatherm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/072019Picture-6.png 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 298px) 100vw, 298px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2246\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cross section of a heat pipe<\/p><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>Nanomaterials<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Exchange materials made from nanomaterial-filled polymers are being designed for effective <strong>heat conductivity\u00a0<\/strong>(more conductivity per unit area means less area for the same conduction) and <strong>cost reduction\u00a0<\/strong>compared to conventional metals. Scientists developed and selected a number of polymer materials and nanofillers, including <strong>carbon nanotubes (CNTs)\u00a0<\/strong>and <strong>metal-coated nanoparticles(NPs)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2247\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2247\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2247\" src=\"https:\/\/priatherm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/072019Picture-7-300x280.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"280\" srcset=\"https:\/\/priatherm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/072019Picture-7-300x280.png 300w, https:\/\/priatherm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/072019Picture-7.png 366w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2247\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The (n,m) nanotube naming scheme can be thought of as a vector (Ch) in an infinite graphene sheet that describes how to &#8216;roll up&#8217; the graphene sheet to make the nanotube. T denotes the tube axis, and a1 and a2 are the unit vectors of graphene in real space.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2248\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2248\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2248\" src=\"https:\/\/priatherm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/072019Picture-8-300x161.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"161\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2248\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Comparison of thermal conductivity [a,b plane]<\/p><\/div>\n<p align=\"left\"><span lang=\"EN-US\">In recent years, nanomaterials have also been used in liquid cooling applications. In this case they are usually called nanofluids: suspensions of nanoparticles in base-fluids like water, ethylene glycol, oil and other cooling liquids.<\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"left\"><span lang=\"EN-US\">According to preliminary research, nanofluids seem able to increase the convection coefficient of coolants by up to 30%<i>.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><i><span lang=\"EN-US\"><b>Replacement of traditional aluminum<\/b><\/span><\/i>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>Thermally conductive plastics\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>have the following benefits:\n<ul>\n<li>Equivalent heat transfer\/dissipation to aluminum<\/li>\n<li>50% lighter than aluminum<\/li>\n<li>3-dimensional complexity<\/li>\n<li>No antenna effect<\/li>\n<li>Simplified attachment<\/li>\n<li>Low cost<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"attachment_2249\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2249\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2249\" src=\"https:\/\/priatherm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/072019Picture-9-300x224.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"224\" srcset=\"https:\/\/priatherm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/072019Picture-9-300x224.png 300w, https:\/\/priatherm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/072019Picture-9-400x300.png 400w, https:\/\/priatherm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/072019Picture-9.png 402w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2249\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Polymeric heat sink sample<\/p><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>Composite materials<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Graphite\u00a0<\/strong>is a material that&#8217;s gaining popularity with heat sink producers. But the real advantage of graphite is its weight: just 70% of the weight of aluminum.<\/p>\n<p>Recently, Priatherm has developed an innovative air forced heat sink, where a base of <strong>aluminum graphite composite\u00a0<\/strong>(a metal matrix composite based on graphite and aluminum, produced by pressure) is connected with a series of fins.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2250\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2250\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2250\" src=\"https:\/\/priatherm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/072019Picture-10-300x137.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"137\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2250\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aluminum graphite composite heat sink<\/p><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>Ceramics<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Ceramic\u00a0<\/strong>combines two crucial characteristics: electrical isolation and thermal conductivity. It possesses good electromagnetic compatibility and has a thermal expansion coefficient close to semiconductor materials. Unlike other materials, its expansion coefficient and its thermal conductivity are the same in all directions. Ceramic is also waterproof, UV and corrosion resistant.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2251\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2251\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-2251\" src=\"https:\/\/priatherm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/072019Picture-11-300x231.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"231\" srcset=\"https:\/\/priatherm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/072019Picture-11-300x231.png 300w, https:\/\/priatherm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/072019Picture-11.png 368w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2251\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ceramic heatsink<\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ff9900;\">Click on the picture and download our free e-book<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 20px;\">&#8220;Four Common Mistakes To Avoid When Selecting a Heat Sink&#8221;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/priatherm.com\/#download\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1924 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/priatherm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/mockup-e-book-255.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"255\" height=\"361\" srcset=\"https:\/\/priatherm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/mockup-e-book-255.jpg 255w, https:\/\/priatherm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/mockup-e-book-255-212x300.jpg 212w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 255px) 100vw, 255px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Modern electronic devices, due to the increase of power density, require more and more efficient thermal systems to maintain their operating temperatures at a satisfactory level. On one side, the market imposes to reduce size\u00a0and costs; on the other side, traditional materials are relatively heavy and don\u2019t perform as well. We will explore some alternative [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":9368,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[36],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10537","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-priatherm-it"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>&quot;Cool\u201d Materials for Cooling Devices - Priatherm<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/priatherm.com\/it\/cool-materials-for-cooling-devices\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"it_IT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"&quot;Cool\u201d Materials for Cooling Devices - Priatherm\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Modern electronic devices, due to the increase of power density, require more and more efficient thermal systems to maintain their operating temperatures at a satisfactory level. On one side, the market imposes to reduce size\u00a0and costs; on the other side, traditional materials are relatively heavy and don\u2019t perform as well. We will explore some alternative [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/priatherm.com\/it\/cool-materials-for-cooling-devices\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Priatherm\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2019-07-24T12:37:35+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-01-10T15:25:23+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/priatherm.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/AG-Lite.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1900\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Priatherm\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Scritto da\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Priatherm\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Tempo di lettura stimato\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minuti\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/priatherm.com\\\/it\\\/cool-materials-for-cooling-devices\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/priatherm.com\\\/it\\\/cool-materials-for-cooling-devices\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Priatherm\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/priatherm.com\\\/it\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/e4eab75bf0bab477b9e0af19acfa1368\"},\"headline\":\"&#8220;Cool\u201d Materials for Cooling Devices\",\"datePublished\":\"2019-07-24T12:37:35+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-01-10T15:25:23+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/priatherm.com\\\/it\\\/cool-materials-for-cooling-devices\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":956,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/priatherm.com\\\/it\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/priatherm.com\\\/it\\\/cool-materials-for-cooling-devices\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/priatherm.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2019\\\/07\\\/AG-Lite.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Priatherm\"],\"inLanguage\":\"it-IT\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/priatherm.com\\\/it\\\/cool-materials-for-cooling-devices\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/priatherm.com\\\/it\\\/cool-materials-for-cooling-devices\\\/\",\"name\":\"\\\"Cool\u201d Materials for Cooling Devices - 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On one side, the market imposes to reduce size\u00a0and costs; on the other side, traditional materials are relatively heavy and don\u2019t perform as well. 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